For more advanced topics: C. Smorynski, Logical number theory (Springer) contains a proof of Julia Robinson theorem on the undecidability of (Q;+,.,0,1). Undecidable questions about expressions involving transcendental functions.
Erwin Engeler Foundations of Mathematics Springer 1992 discusses various axiomatisations of number systems and geometry. Tarski's theorem is in section I.2 and example of a non-trivial geometry problem (an Euler problem) that can in principle be solved by a computer is in section I.3. Mathematica 4.0 contains an improvement of Tarski's decision method. For a good introduction see, Strzebonski, A. "Solving Algebraic Inequalities." Mathematica Journal 7, 525-541, 2000.
The biographical memoir of Julia Robinson contains many mathematical details.